Revisión actualizada de la relación BDNF, cognición y esquizofrenia/psicosis
Resumen
El Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Cerebro (BDNF) se ha relacionado con los síntomas cognitivos de la esquizofrenia, lo que se ha documentado en revisiones previas. Sin embargo, recientemente el foco de la investigación neurobiológica ha pasado de estudiar la esquizofrenia como enfermedad a estudiar las psicosis como grupo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión actualizada de las publicaciones de los últimos cinco años (2013 a 2018) respecto a BDNF y síntomas cognitivos, tanto en esquizofrenia como en psicosis en general. Para esto se revisaron en PubMed los artículos con las palabras clave BDNF, cognitive y schizophrenia, y luego se repitió este proceso con la palabra psychosis. Como resultado, en el desarrollo del artículo se describe la manera en que distintos estudios, tanto en seres humanos como en modelos animales, dan cuenta de la relación entre BDNF y cognición, y de cómo influyen en ella elementos importantes como por ejemplo el género o el ejercicio. Sin embargo, se constata que aún la mayor parte de la investigación respecto a BDNF y síntomas cognitivos en psicosis se realiza en torno a la esquizofrenia como enfermedad. Por lo tanto, es necesario ampliar el estudio de la relación entre BDNF y síntomas cognitivos a cuadros psicóticos de distintos estadios y orígenes.Palabras clave:
Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Cerebro, síntomas cognitivos, esquizofrenia crónica, primer episodio psicótico, estados mentales de riesgo para psicosisReferencias
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2. Goff D.C. “Future perspectives on the treatment of cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in schizophrenia”. World Psychiatry. 2013 Jun. 12(2): 99-107. 10.1002/ wps.20026.
3. Penades R., García-Rizo C., Bioque M., González-Rodríguez A., Cabrera B., Mezquida G., Bernardo M. “The search for new biomarkers for cognition in schizophrenia”. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2015 Dec. 17; 2(4): 172-178. 10.1016/j.scog.2015.10.004. eCollection 2015 Dec.
4. Galvez-Contreras A.Y., Campos-Ordonez T., Lopez-Virgen V., Gomez-Plascencia J., Ramos-Zuniga R., Gonzalez-Perez O. “Growth factors as clinical biomarkers of prognosis and diagnosis in psychiatric disorders”. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2016 Dec.; 32: 85-96. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.08.004.
5. Fernandes B.S., Steiner J., Berk M., Molendijk M.L., Gonzalez-Pinto A., Turck C.W., Nardin P., Gonçalves C.A. “Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in schizophrenia and the role of antipsychotics: meta-analysis and implications”. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Sep.; 20(9): 1108-19. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.117. Epub 2014, Sep. 30.
6. Notaras M., Hill R., Van den Buuse M. “The BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism as a modifier of psychiatric disorder susceptibility: progress and controversy”. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Aug.; 20(8): 916-30. doi: 10.1038/ mp.2015.27.
7. Gururajan A., Hill R.A., van den Buuse M. “Brain-derived neurotrophic factor heterozygous mutant rats show selective cognitive changes and vulnerability to chronic corticosterone treatment”. Neuroscience. 2015 Jan. 22; 284: 297-310. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience. 2014.10.009. Epub 2014 Oct. 17.
8. Ratajczak P., Kus K., Murawiecka P., Słodzi ska I., Giermaziak W., Nowakowska E. “Biochemical and cognitive impairments observed in animal models of schizophrenia induced by prenatal stress paradigm or methylazoxymethanol acetate administration”. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2015; 75(3): 314-25.
9. Hill R.A., Klug M., Kiss Von Soly S., Binder M.D., Hannan A.J., van den Buuse M. “Sexspecific disruptions in spatial memory and anhedonia in a “two hit” rat model correspond with alterations in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and signaling”. Hippocampus. 2014 Oct; 24(10): 1197-211. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22302. Epub 2014 May. 16.
10. Segal-Gavish H., Barzilay R., Rimoni O., Offen D. “Voluntary exercise improves cognitive deficits in female dominant-negative DISC1 transgenic mouse model of neuropsychiatric disorders”. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Jun. 8: 1-10. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1323118.
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13. Nowakowska E., Kus K., Ratajczak P., Cichocki M., Wo niak A. “The influence of aripiprazole, olanzapine and enriched environment on depressant-like behavior, spatial memory dysfunction and hippocampal level of BDNF in prenatally stressed rats”. Pharmacol Rep. 2014 Jun.; 66(3): 404-11. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.12.008.
14. Einoch R., Weinreb O., Mandiuk N., Youdim M.B.H., Bilker W., Silver H. “The involvement of BDNF-CREB signaling pathways in the pharmacological mechanism of combined SSRI- antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia”. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 May; 27(5): 470-483. doi: 10.1016/j. euroneuro.2017.03.005
15. Silver H., Mandiuk N., Einoch R., Susser E., Danovich L., Bilker W., Youdim M., Weinreb O. “Improvement in verbal memory following SSRI augmentation of antipsychotic treatment is associated with changes in the expression of mRNA encoding for the GABA-A receptor and BDNF in PMC of schizophrenic patients”. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 May; 30(3): 158-66. doi: 10.1097/ YIC.0000000000000070.
16. Guo X., Chen Z.H., Wang H.L., Liu Z.C., Wang X.P., Zhou B.H., Yang C., Zhang X.P., Xiao L., Shu C., Chen J.X., Wang G.H. “WSKY, a traditional Chinese decoction, rescues cognitive impairment associated with NMDA receptor antagonism by enhancing BDNF/ERK/CREB signaling”. Mol Med Rep. 2015 Apr.; 11(4): 2927-34. doi: 10.3892/ mmr.2014.3086.
17. Fang M.S., Li X., Qian H., Zeng K., Ye M., Zhou Y.J., Li H., Wang X.C., Li Y. “ω-3PUFAs prevent MK-801-induced cognitive impairment in schizophrenic rats via the CREB/ BDNF/TrkB pathway”. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017 Aug.; 37(4):491-495. doi: 10.1007/s11596-017-1762-4.
18. Sakata K., Martinowich K., Woo N.H., Schloesser R.J., Jimenez D.V., Ji Y., Shen L., Lu B. “Role of activity-dependent BDNF expression in hippocampal-prefrontal cortical regulation of behavioral perseverance”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Sep. 10; 110(37): 15103-8. doi 10.1073/pnas.1222872110.
19. Heitz U., Papmeyer M., Studerus E., Egloff L., Ittig S., Andreou C., Vogel T., Borgwardt S., Graf M., Eckert A., Riecher-Rössler A. “Plasma and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and their association with neurocognition inat-risk mental state, first episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia patients”. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Jun. 25: 1-10. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1462532.
20. Sanada K., de Azúa S.R., Nakajima S., Alberich S., Ugarte A., Zugasti J., Vega P., Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M., González-Pinto A. “Correlates of neurocognitive functions in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis-A 6-month follow-up study”. Psychiatry Res. 2018 Oct.; 268: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j. psychres.2018.06.053.
21. Skilleter A.J., Weickert C.S., Moustafa A.A., Gendy R., Chan M., Arifin N., Mitchell P.B., Weickert T.W. “BDNF val66met genotype and schizotypal personality traits interact to influence probabilistic association learning”. Behav Brain Res. 2014 Nov 1; 274: 137-42. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.041.
22. Xiao W., Ye F., Liu C., Tang X., Li J., Dong H., Sha W., Zhang X. “Cognitive impairment in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: Relationships with serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophicfactor”. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Jun. 2; 76: 163-168. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.013.
23. Man L., Lv X., Du X.D., Yin G., Zhu X., Zhang Y., Soares J.C., Yang X.N., Chen X., Zhang X.Y. “Cognitive impairments and low BDNF serum levels in first-episode drugnaïve patients with schizophrenia”. Psychiatry Res. 2018 May; 263: 1-6. doi:10.1016/j. psychres.2018.02.034.
24. Zhai J., Yu Q., Chen M., Gao Y., Zhang Q., Li J., Wang K., Ji F., Su Z., Li W., Li X., Qiao J. “Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene G196A rs6265 polymorphisms and the cognitive function and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia”. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013 Jul. 15; 6(8): 1617-23.
25. Mezquida G., Penadés R., Cabrera B., Savulich G., Lobo A., González-Pinto A., Penzol M.J., Corripio I., Fernandez-Egea E., Gassó P., Cuesta M.J., Bernardo M.; PEPs group. “Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism with negative symptoms severity, but not cognitive function, in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders”. Eur Psychiatry. 2016 Oct.; 38: 61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.04.011
26. Theleritis C., Fisher H.L., Shäfer I., Winters L., Stahl D., Morgan C., Dazzan P., Breedvelt J., Sambath I., Vitoratou S., Russo M., Reichenberg A., Falcone M.A., Mondelli V., O’Connor J., David A., McGuire P., Pariante C., Di Forti M., Murray R.M., Bonaccorso S. “Brain derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) is associated with childhood abuse but not cognitive domains in first episode psychosis”. Schizophr Res. 2014 Oct.; 159(1): 56-61. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.013.
27. Atake K., Nakamura T., Ueda N., Hori H., Katsuki A., Yoshimura R. “The Impact of Aging, Psychotic Symptoms, Medication, and BrainDerived Neurotrophic Factor on Cognitive Impairment in Japanese Chronic Schizophrenia Patients”. Front Psychiatry. 2018 May 29; 9: 232. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00232.
28. Zhang X.Y., Chen D.C., Tan Y.L., Tan S.P., Wang Z.R., Yang F.D., Xiu M.H., Hui L., Lv M.H., Zunta-Soares G.B., Soares J.C. “Gender difference in association of cognition with BDNF in chronic schizophrenia”. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Oct.; 48: 136-46. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.004. Epub 2014 Jun 17.
29. Kim S.W., Lee J.Y., Kang H.J., Kim S.Y., Bae K.Y., Kim J.M., Shin I.S., Yoon J.S. “Gender-specific Associations of the Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism with Neurocognitive and Clinical Features in Schizophrenia”. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2016 Aug. 31; 14(3): 270-8. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.3.270.
30. Dorofeikova M., Neznanov N., Petrova N. “Cognitive deficit in patients with paranoid schizophrenia: Its clinical and laboratory correlates”. Psychiatry Res. 2018 Apr.; 262: 542-548. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.041. Epub 2017 Sep. 20.
31. Wu J.Q., Chen D.C., Tan Y.L., Tan S.P., Hui L., Lv M.H., Soares J.C., Zhang X.Y. “Altered BDNF is correlated to cognition impairment in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia”. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Jan.; 232(1): 223-32. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3660-9.
32. Zhang X.Y., Chen da C., Tan Y.L., Tan S., Luo X., Zuo L., Soares J.C. “BDNF Polymorphisms Are Associated with Cognitive Performance in Schizophrenia Patients Versus Healthy Controls”. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Aug.; 77(8): e1011-8. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m10269.
33. Hori H., Yoshimura R., Katsuki A., Atake K., Igata R., Konishi Y., Nakamura J. “Relationships between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, plasma catecholamine metabolites, cytokines, cognitive function and clinical symptoms in Japanese patients with chronic schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic monotherapy”. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Aug.; 18(5): 401-408. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1212172.
34. Hori H., Yoshimura R., Katsuki A., Atake K., Igata R., Konishi, Beppu H., Tominaga H. “Blood Biomarkers Predict the Cognitive Effects of Aripiprazole in Patients with Acute Schizophrenia”. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Mar. 6; 18(3). pii: E568. doi: 10.3390/ijms18030568.
35. Zhang Y., Fang X., Fan W., Tang W., Cai J., Song L., Zhang C. “Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a biomarker for cognitive recovery in acute schizophrenia: 12week results from a prospective longitudinal study”. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Apr.; 235(4): 1191-1198. doi: 10.1007/ s00213-018-4835-6.
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2. Goff D.C. “Future perspectives on the treatment of cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in schizophrenia”. World Psychiatry. 2013 Jun. 12(2): 99-107. 10.1002/ wps.20026.
3. Penades R., García-Rizo C., Bioque M., González-Rodríguez A., Cabrera B., Mezquida G., Bernardo M. “The search for new biomarkers for cognition in schizophrenia”. Schizophr Res Cogn. 2015 Dec. 17; 2(4): 172-178. 10.1016/j.scog.2015.10.004. eCollection 2015 Dec.
4. Galvez-Contreras A.Y., Campos-Ordonez T., Lopez-Virgen V., Gomez-Plascencia J., Ramos-Zuniga R., Gonzalez-Perez O. “Growth factors as clinical biomarkers of prognosis and diagnosis in psychiatric disorders”. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2016 Dec.; 32: 85-96. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.08.004.
5. Fernandes B.S., Steiner J., Berk M., Molendijk M.L., Gonzalez-Pinto A., Turck C.W., Nardin P., Gonçalves C.A. “Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor in schizophrenia and the role of antipsychotics: meta-analysis and implications”. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Sep.; 20(9): 1108-19. doi: 10.1038/mp.2014.117. Epub 2014, Sep. 30.
6. Notaras M., Hill R., Van den Buuse M. “The BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism as a modifier of psychiatric disorder susceptibility: progress and controversy”. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Aug.; 20(8): 916-30. doi: 10.1038/ mp.2015.27.
7. Gururajan A., Hill R.A., van den Buuse M. “Brain-derived neurotrophic factor heterozygous mutant rats show selective cognitive changes and vulnerability to chronic corticosterone treatment”. Neuroscience. 2015 Jan. 22; 284: 297-310. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience. 2014.10.009. Epub 2014 Oct. 17.
8. Ratajczak P., Kus K., Murawiecka P., Słodzi ska I., Giermaziak W., Nowakowska E. “Biochemical and cognitive impairments observed in animal models of schizophrenia induced by prenatal stress paradigm or methylazoxymethanol acetate administration”. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2015; 75(3): 314-25.
9. Hill R.A., Klug M., Kiss Von Soly S., Binder M.D., Hannan A.J., van den Buuse M. “Sexspecific disruptions in spatial memory and anhedonia in a “two hit” rat model correspond with alterations in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and signaling”. Hippocampus. 2014 Oct; 24(10): 1197-211. doi: 10.1002/hipo.22302. Epub 2014 May. 16.
10. Segal-Gavish H., Barzilay R., Rimoni O., Offen D. “Voluntary exercise improves cognitive deficits in female dominant-negative DISC1 transgenic mouse model of neuropsychiatric disorders”. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Jun. 8: 1-10. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2017.1323118.
11. Elsworth J.D., Groman S.M., Jentsch J.D., Leranth C., Redmond D.E. Jr., Kim J.D., Diano S., Roth R.H. “Primate phencyclidine model of schizophrenia: sex-specific effects on cognition, brain derived neurotrophic factor, spine synapses, and dopamine turnover in prefrontal cortex”. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Oct. 31; 18(6). pii: pyu048. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu048.
12. Wu Y.W., Du X., van den Buuse M., Hill R.A. “Analyzing the influence of BDNF heterozygosity on spatial memory response to 17β-estradiol”. Transl Psychiatry. 2015 Jan. 20; 5:e498. doi: 10.1038/tp.2014.143.
13. Nowakowska E., Kus K., Ratajczak P., Cichocki M., Wo niak A. “The influence of aripiprazole, olanzapine and enriched environment on depressant-like behavior, spatial memory dysfunction and hippocampal level of BDNF in prenatally stressed rats”. Pharmacol Rep. 2014 Jun.; 66(3): 404-11. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.12.008.
14. Einoch R., Weinreb O., Mandiuk N., Youdim M.B.H., Bilker W., Silver H. “The involvement of BDNF-CREB signaling pathways in the pharmacological mechanism of combined SSRI- antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia”. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017 May; 27(5): 470-483. doi: 10.1016/j. euroneuro.2017.03.005
15. Silver H., Mandiuk N., Einoch R., Susser E., Danovich L., Bilker W., Youdim M., Weinreb O. “Improvement in verbal memory following SSRI augmentation of antipsychotic treatment is associated with changes in the expression of mRNA encoding for the GABA-A receptor and BDNF in PMC of schizophrenic patients”. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015 May; 30(3): 158-66. doi: 10.1097/ YIC.0000000000000070.
16. Guo X., Chen Z.H., Wang H.L., Liu Z.C., Wang X.P., Zhou B.H., Yang C., Zhang X.P., Xiao L., Shu C., Chen J.X., Wang G.H. “WSKY, a traditional Chinese decoction, rescues cognitive impairment associated with NMDA receptor antagonism by enhancing BDNF/ERK/CREB signaling”. Mol Med Rep. 2015 Apr.; 11(4): 2927-34. doi: 10.3892/ mmr.2014.3086.
17. Fang M.S., Li X., Qian H., Zeng K., Ye M., Zhou Y.J., Li H., Wang X.C., Li Y. “ω-3PUFAs prevent MK-801-induced cognitive impairment in schizophrenic rats via the CREB/ BDNF/TrkB pathway”. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017 Aug.; 37(4):491-495. doi: 10.1007/s11596-017-1762-4.
18. Sakata K., Martinowich K., Woo N.H., Schloesser R.J., Jimenez D.V., Ji Y., Shen L., Lu B. “Role of activity-dependent BDNF expression in hippocampal-prefrontal cortical regulation of behavioral perseverance”. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Sep. 10; 110(37): 15103-8. doi 10.1073/pnas.1222872110.
19. Heitz U., Papmeyer M., Studerus E., Egloff L., Ittig S., Andreou C., Vogel T., Borgwardt S., Graf M., Eckert A., Riecher-Rössler A. “Plasma and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and their association with neurocognition inat-risk mental state, first episode psychosis and chronic schizophrenia patients”. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Jun. 25: 1-10. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2018.1462532.
20. Sanada K., de Azúa S.R., Nakajima S., Alberich S., Ugarte A., Zugasti J., Vega P., Martínez-Cengotitabengoa M., González-Pinto A. “Correlates of neurocognitive functions in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis-A 6-month follow-up study”. Psychiatry Res. 2018 Oct.; 268: 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j. psychres.2018.06.053.
21. Skilleter A.J., Weickert C.S., Moustafa A.A., Gendy R., Chan M., Arifin N., Mitchell P.B., Weickert T.W. “BDNF val66met genotype and schizotypal personality traits interact to influence probabilistic association learning”. Behav Brain Res. 2014 Nov 1; 274: 137-42. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.041.
22. Xiao W., Ye F., Liu C., Tang X., Li J., Dong H., Sha W., Zhang X. “Cognitive impairment in first-episode drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia: Relationships with serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell line-derived neurotrophicfactor”. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Jun. 2; 76: 163-168. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.03.013.
23. Man L., Lv X., Du X.D., Yin G., Zhu X., Zhang Y., Soares J.C., Yang X.N., Chen X., Zhang X.Y. “Cognitive impairments and low BDNF serum levels in first-episode drugnaïve patients with schizophrenia”. Psychiatry Res. 2018 May; 263: 1-6. doi:10.1016/j. psychres.2018.02.034.
24. Zhai J., Yu Q., Chen M., Gao Y., Zhang Q., Li J., Wang K., Ji F., Su Z., Li W., Li X., Qiao J. “Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene G196A rs6265 polymorphisms and the cognitive function and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia”. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2013 Jul. 15; 6(8): 1617-23.
25. Mezquida G., Penadés R., Cabrera B., Savulich G., Lobo A., González-Pinto A., Penzol M.J., Corripio I., Fernandez-Egea E., Gassó P., Cuesta M.J., Bernardo M.; PEPs group. “Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism with negative symptoms severity, but not cognitive function, in first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders”. Eur Psychiatry. 2016 Oct.; 38: 61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.04.011
26. Theleritis C., Fisher H.L., Shäfer I., Winters L., Stahl D., Morgan C., Dazzan P., Breedvelt J., Sambath I., Vitoratou S., Russo M., Reichenberg A., Falcone M.A., Mondelli V., O’Connor J., David A., McGuire P., Pariante C., Di Forti M., Murray R.M., Bonaccorso S. “Brain derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) is associated with childhood abuse but not cognitive domains in first episode psychosis”. Schizophr Res. 2014 Oct.; 159(1): 56-61. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.013.
27. Atake K., Nakamura T., Ueda N., Hori H., Katsuki A., Yoshimura R. “The Impact of Aging, Psychotic Symptoms, Medication, and BrainDerived Neurotrophic Factor on Cognitive Impairment in Japanese Chronic Schizophrenia Patients”. Front Psychiatry. 2018 May 29; 9: 232. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00232.
28. Zhang X.Y., Chen D.C., Tan Y.L., Tan S.P., Wang Z.R., Yang F.D., Xiu M.H., Hui L., Lv M.H., Zunta-Soares G.B., Soares J.C. “Gender difference in association of cognition with BDNF in chronic schizophrenia”. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Oct.; 48: 136-46. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.06.004. Epub 2014 Jun 17.
29. Kim S.W., Lee J.Y., Kang H.J., Kim S.Y., Bae K.Y., Kim J.M., Shin I.S., Yoon J.S. “Gender-specific Associations of the Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism with Neurocognitive and Clinical Features in Schizophrenia”. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2016 Aug. 31; 14(3): 270-8. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.3.270.
30. Dorofeikova M., Neznanov N., Petrova N. “Cognitive deficit in patients with paranoid schizophrenia: Its clinical and laboratory correlates”. Psychiatry Res. 2018 Apr.; 262: 542-548. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.041. Epub 2017 Sep. 20.
31. Wu J.Q., Chen D.C., Tan Y.L., Tan S.P., Hui L., Lv M.H., Soares J.C., Zhang X.Y. “Altered BDNF is correlated to cognition impairment in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia”. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2015 Jan.; 232(1): 223-32. doi: 10.1007/s00213-014-3660-9.
32. Zhang X.Y., Chen da C., Tan Y.L., Tan S., Luo X., Zuo L., Soares J.C. “BDNF Polymorphisms Are Associated with Cognitive Performance in Schizophrenia Patients Versus Healthy Controls”. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Aug.; 77(8): e1011-8. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m10269.
33. Hori H., Yoshimura R., Katsuki A., Atake K., Igata R., Konishi Y., Nakamura J. “Relationships between serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, plasma catecholamine metabolites, cytokines, cognitive function and clinical symptoms in Japanese patients with chronic schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic monotherapy”. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Aug.; 18(5): 401-408. doi: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1212172.
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